{"id":11829,"date":"2024-04-15T12:21:06","date_gmt":"2024-04-15T17:21:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/optimas.com\/?page_id=11829"},"modified":"2026-04-13T11:30:03","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T16:30:03","slug":"chemical-compositions-of-carbon-and-alloy-steel-bolts-screws-and-nuts","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/optimas.com\/en_gb\/technical-resources\/chemical-compositions-of-carbon-and-alloy-steel-bolts-screws-and-nuts\/","title":{"rendered":"Chemical Compositions of Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts, Screws and Nuts"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling max\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div 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\/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column max1200\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:0;--awb-flex-shrink-small:0;width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_2_5 2_5 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:40%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:4.8%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:4.8%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"573\" height=\"436\" title=\"standard\" src=\"https:\/\/optimas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/standard.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-11706\" srcset=\"https:\/\/optimas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/standard-200x152.jpg 200w, https:\/\/optimas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/standard-400x304.jpg 400w, https:\/\/optimas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/standard.jpg 573w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 573px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_3_5 3_5 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-center\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:60%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.2%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.2%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\">\n<h2>Chemical Composition of Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts, Screws and Studs<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\">\n<p>Optimas are a full-service supply chain and manufacturing solutions provider. Before you design your next product or make updates to an existing product, consider partnering with Optimas to take advantage of our many capabilities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p><a class=\"linkOrangeButton\" href=\"https:\/\/optimas.com\/en_gb\/contact\/\">SPEAK TO AN EXPERT<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column max1200\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p>This table shows limits for the chemical composition of steels and minimum tempering temperatures for the different property classes of bolts, screws and studs (coarse and fine thread).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p>For fasteners that are to be hot dip galvanized, the additional material requirements given in ISO 10684 apply.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><p style=\"font-size: 18px;\" data-fusion-font=\"true\">According to EN ISO 898-1<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column max1200\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:40px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\">\n<table id=\"tablepress-9\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-9 tbody-has-connected-cells\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Property Class<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Material and Heat Treatment<\/th><th colspan=\"5\" class=\"column-3\">Chemical Composition Limit<br \/>\n(cast analysis, %)\u00a0a<\/th><th class=\"column-8\">Tempering Temperature \u00b0C min.<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"column-3\">C<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">P<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">S<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">Bb<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-8\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-3\">min.<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">max.<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">max.<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">max.<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">max.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">4.6\u00a0<sup>c d<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbon steel or carbon steel with additives<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">-<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,55<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,050<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,060<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">Not specified<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">4.8\u00a0<sup>d<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbon steel or carbon steel with additives<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">-<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">-<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">-<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">-<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">Not specified<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">5.6\u00a0<sup>c<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbon steel or carbon steel with additives<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,13<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,55<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,050<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,060<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">Not specified<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">5.8\u00a0<sup>d<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbon steel or carbon steel with additives<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">-<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,55<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,050<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,060<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">Not specified<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">6.8\u00a0<sup>d<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbon steel or carbon steel with additives<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,15<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,55<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,050<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,060<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">Not specified<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">8.8 <sup>f<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbon steel with additives (e.g. Boron or Mn or Cr) quenched and tempered<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,15 <sup>e<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,40<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0,003<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">8.8\u00a0<sup>f<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbon steel quenched and tempered<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,25<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,55<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0,003<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">8.8\u00a0<sup>f<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Alloy steel quenched and tempered<sup>g<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,20<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,55<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0,003<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">9.8\u00a0<sup>f<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbon steel with additives (e.g. Boron or Mn or Cr) quenched and tempered<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,15\u00a0<sup>e<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,40<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0,003<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">9.8\u00a0<sup>f<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbon steel quenched and tempered<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,25<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,55<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0,003<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-14\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">9.8\u00a0<sup>f<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Alloy steel quenched and tempered<sup>g<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,20<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,55<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0,003<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-15\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">10.9\u00a0<sup>f<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbon steel with additives (e.g. Boron or Mn or Cr) quenched and tempered<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,20\u00a0<sup>e<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,55<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0,003<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-16\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">10.9\u00a0<sup>f<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbon steel quenched and tempered<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,25<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,55<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0,003<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-17\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">10.9\u00a0<sup>f<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Alloy steel quenched and tempered<sup>g<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,20<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,55<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0,003<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-18\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">12.9\u00a0<sup>f h i<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Alloy steel quenched and tempered<sup>g<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,30<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,50<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0,003<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-19\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">12.9\u00a0<sup>f h i<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbon steel with additives (e.g. Boron or Mn<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,28<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,50<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0,003<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">380<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-20\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">12.9\u00a0<sup>f h i<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">or Cr or Molybdenum) quenched and tempered<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,28<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0,50<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0,025<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0,003<\/td><td class=\"column-8\">380<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\">\n<p><sup>a<\/sup>\u00a0In case of dispute, the product analysis applies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\">\n<p><sup>b<\/sup>\u00a0Boron content can reach 0,005 %, provided non-effective boron is controlled by the addition of titanium and\/or aluminium.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\">\n<p><sup>c<\/sup>\u00a0For cold forged fasteners of property classes 4.6 and 5.6, heat treatment of the wire used for cold forging or of the cold forged<br \/>\nfastener itself may be necessary to achieve required ductility.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\">\n<p><sup>d<\/sup>\u00a0Free cutting steel is allowed for these property classes with the following maximum sulfur, phosphorus and lead contents:<br \/>\nS: 0,34 %; P: 0,11 %; Pb: 0,35 %.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\">\n<p><sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0In case of plain carbon boron steel with a carbon content below 0,25 % (cast analysis), the minimum manganese content shall be 0,6 % for property class 8.8 and 0,7 % for property classes 9.8 and 10.9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\">\n<p><sup>f<\/sup>\u00a0For the materials of these property classes, there shall be a sufficient hardenability to ensure a structure consisting of approximately 90 % martensite in the core of the threaded sections for the fasteners in the \u201cas-hardened\u201d condition before tempering.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\">\n<p><sup>g<\/sup>\u00a0This alloy steel shall contain at least one of the following elements in the minimum quantity given: chromium 0,30 %, nickel<br \/>\n0,30 %, molybdenum 0,20 %, vanadium 0,10 %. Where elements are specified in combinations of two, three or four and have alloy contents less than those given above, the limit value to be applied for steel class determination is 70 % of the sum of the individual limit values specified above for the two, three or four elements concerned.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\">\n<p><sup>h<\/sup>\u00a0Fasteners manufactured from phosphated raw material shall be dephosphated before heat treatment; the absence of white<br \/>\nphosphorus enriched layer shall be detected by a suitable test method.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\">\n<p><sup>i<\/sup>\u00a0Caution is advised when the use of property class 12.9\/12.9 is considered. The capability of the fastener manufacturer, the service conditions and the wrenching methods should be considered. 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